Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and Pneumonia Prevention in Children with Congenital Heart Disease.

BACKGROUND: A successful strategy to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infections is the administration of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of the 7- and 13-valent PCV for the prevention of all-cause pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort of children younger than 5 years of age, with congenital heart disease (CHD) and different vaccination schedules, was analyzed. History of vaccination was confirmed with verifiable records. The outcome measure was all-cause pneumonia or bronchopneumonia. Protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board. For comparisons, we used inferential statistics with Chi-square and Fisher's exact test; a p ≤ 0.5 was considered statistically significant. Relative and absolute risks reduction and number needed to treat were also calculated. RESULTS: A total of 348 patients were included: 196 with two or more doses of PCV (considered the vaccinated group), and 152 in the unvaccinated group. There was a statistically significant difference for pneumonia events (p < 0.001) between the vaccinated (26/196) and unvaccinated (51/152) groups. The relative risk reduction was 60.5%, and the absolute risk reduction, 20.3%. There were no differences between patients who received two, three or four doses. The number needed to vaccinate to prevent one event of pneumonia was 5 children. CONCLUSIONS: At least two doses of PCV in children with CHD reduced the risk of all-cause pneumonia.

Estudio de la perfusión pulmonar posterior al cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable utilizando el dispositivo Amplatzer Duct Occluder en niños / Lung perfusion studies after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder in children

Objetivo: La reducción en la perfusión pulmonar se ha descrito tras el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable con varios dispositivos. Evaluamos la perfusión pulmonar posterior al cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso con el dispositivo Amplatzer Duct Occluder utilizando la gammagrafía pulmonar de perfusión. Métodos: Treinta pacientes con oclusión transcatéter exitosa del conducto arterioso permeable utilizando el dispositivo Amplatzer Duct Occluder fueron incluidos en este estudio. La gammagrafía pulmonar de perfusión se realizó 6 meses después del procedimiento. Las velocidades de flujo máximo y la protrusión del dispositivo fueron analizadas por ecocardiografía Doppler. Una perfusión pulmonar izquierda < 40% se consideró anormal. Resultados: El implante del dispositivo fue exitoso en todos. La media de perfusión hacia el pulmón izquierdo fue de 44.7 ± 4.9% (37.8-61.4). Cinco pacientes (16.6%) mostraron disminución en la perfusión pulmonar izquierda. Tanto la edad y el peso bajo, así como la longitud del conducto arterioso y la relación diámetro mínimo y máximo con la longitud del conducto arterioso fueron estadísticamente significativos en los pacientes con anomalías de la perfusión pulmonar. Se observó protrusión del dispositivo en 6 pacientes con una velocidad de flujo máximo mayor en la arteria pulmonar izquierda. Conclusión: La perfusión pulmonar izquierda puede comprometerse tras el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso con el Amplatzer Duct Occluder. El aumento en la velocidad de flujo en el origen de la arteria pulmonar izquierda puede ser un pobre indicador de la reducción en la perfusión pulmonar y puede ocurrir en ausencia de protrusión del dispositivo.

Objective: The closure of patent ductus arteriosus with multiple devices has been associated with a reduction in lung perfusion. We evaluated the pulmonary perfusion after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder device using perfusion lung scan. Methods: Thirty patients underwent successful percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus occlusions using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder device were included in this study. Lung perfusion scans were preformed 6 months after the procedure. Peak flow velocities and protrusion of the device were analyzed by Doppler echocardiography. A left lung perfusion < 40% was considered abnormal. Results: The device implantation was successful in all patients. Average perfusion of left lung was 44.7 ± 4.9% (37.8-61.4). Five patients (16.6%) showed decreased perfusion of the left lung. Age, low weight, the length of the ductus arteriosus and the minimum and maximum diameter/length of the ductus arteriosus ratio were statistically significant in patients with abnormalities of lung perfusion. It was observed protrusion the device in 6 patients with a higher maximum flow rate in the left pulmonary artery. Conclusion: The left lung perfusion may be compromised after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder. The increased flow velocity in the origin of the left pulmonary artery can be a poor indicator of reduction in pulmonary perfusion and can occur in the absence of protrusion of the device.

[Lung perfusion studies after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder in children]. / Estudio de la perfusión pulmonar posterior al cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable utilizando el dispositivo Amplatzer Duct Occluder en niños.

OBJECTIVE: The closure of patent ductus arteriosus with multiple devices has been associated with a reduction in lung perfusion. We evaluated the pulmonary perfusion after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder device using perfusion lung scan. METHODS: Thirty patients underwent successful percutaneous patent ductus arteriosus occlusions using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder device were included in this study. Lung perfusion scans were preformed 6 months after the procedure. Peak flow velocities and protrusion of the device were analyzed by Doppler echocardiography. A left lung perfusion<40% was considered abnormal. RESULTS: The device implantation was successful in all patients. Average perfusion of left lung was 44.7±4.9% (37.8-61.4). Five patients (16.6%) showed decreased perfusion of the left lung. Age, low weight, the length of the ductus arteriosus and the minimum and maximum diameter/length of the ductus arteriosus ratio were statistically significant in patients with abnormalities of lung perfusion. It was observed protrusion the device in 6 patients with a higher maximum flow rate in the left pulmonary artery. CONCLUSION: The left lung perfusion may be compromised after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder. The increased flow velocity in the origin of the left pulmonary artery can be a poor indicator of reduction in pulmonary perfusion and can occur in the absence of protrusion of the device.

Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable en niños con el Amplatzer Duct Occluder II / Percutaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in children with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II

Introducción: En las últimas décadas, varios dispositivos se han utilizado para el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable con sus propias limitaciones y riesgos. El Amplatzer Duct Occluder II ha sido diseñado para mejorar dichas limitaciones y reducir complicaciones. Objetivo: Presentar una serie inicial de pacientes llevados a cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso con el Amplatzer Duct Occluder II, enfatizando en los aspectos técnicos del procedimiento. Métodos: Analizamos los registros clínicos de 9 pacientes con conducto arterioso permeable, llevados a cierre percutáneo con el Amplatzer Duct Occluder II. La mediana de edad fue de 24 meses (8-51 meses) y del peso de 10.7 kg (6-16.3 kg). El diámetro mínimo del conducto arterioso permeable fue de 2.7 mm (1-5 mm). Resultados: El implante fue exitoso en todos los casos. Los dispositivos más utilizados (33.3%) fueron los de dimensiones 4-4 mm (3 pacientes), en 2 pacientes se utilizó de 3-4 mm y en el resto de los pacientes se emplearon oclusores de otros tamaños. Cuatro casos mostraron flujo residual leve inmediatamente después del cierre. El cierre total a las 24 h se logró en 8 de 9 niños (89%). No hubo embolización del dispositivo o mortalidad con el procedimiento y solo observamos una complicación menor. Conclusión: El Amplatzer Duct Occluder II en esta serie de casos fue efectivo en el 89% de los pacientes a las 24 h y en el 100% al seguimiento. Su implante fue seguro debido a que no hubo complicaciones mayores. La tasa de oclusión es comparable a la informada para el Amplatzer Duct Occluder I.

Introduction: In the last decades, several devices have been used for the percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus, with its own limitations and risks. The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II has been designed to overcome those limitations and reduce risks. Objective: We described our initial series of patients who underwent percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II, emphasis on the technical aspects of the procedure. Methods: We reviewed the clinical records of 9 patients with patent ductus arteriosus who underwent percutaneous closure with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II. Median age was 24 months (range 8-51 months) and the median weight was 10.7 kg (range 6-16.3 kg). The minimal ductus arteriosus diameter was 2.7 mm (1-5 mm). Results: Implantation was successful in all cases. The devices most commonly used (33.3%) were the dimensions 4-4 mm (3 patients), in 2 patients were used 3-4 mm and in the rest of the patients were employed occluder other sizes. Four cases showed slight residual flow immediately after implantation. Total closure was achieved in 24 h in 8 of 9 patients (89%). There was no embolization of the occluder or deaths during the procedure and we only observed one minor complication. Conclusions: The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II in this series was effective in 89% of the patients at 24 hs after the procedure and 100% follow-up. The implantation was safe and no major complications were observed. The occlusion rate is comparable to those reported for the Amplatzer Duct Occluder I.

[Percutaneous closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in children with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II]. / Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable en niños con el Amplatzer Duct Occluder II.

INTRODUCTION: In the last decades, several devices have been used for the percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus, with its own limitations and risks. The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II has been designed to overcome those limitations and reduce risks. OBJECTIVE: We described our initial series of patients who underwent percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II, emphasis on the technical aspects of the procedure. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 9 patients with patent ductus arteriosus who underwent percutaneous closure with the Amplatzer Duct Occluder II. Median age was 24 months (range 8-51 months) and the median weight was 10.7kg (range 6-16.3kg). The minimal ductus arteriosus diameter was 2.7mm (1-5mm). RESULTS: Implantation was successful in all cases. The devices most commonly used (33.3%) were the dimensions 4-4mm (3 patients), in 2 patients were used 3-4mm and in the rest of the patients were employed occluder other sizes. Four cases showed slight residual flow immediately after implantation. Total closure was achieved in 24h in 8 of 9 patients (89%). There was no embolization of the occluder or deaths during the procedure and we only observed one minor complication. CONCLUSIONS: The Amplatzer Duct Occluder II in this series was effective in 89% of the patients at 24hs after the procedure and 100% follow-up. The implantation was safe and no major complications were observed. The occlusion rate is comparable to those reported for the Amplatzer Duct Occluder I.

Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable en niños utilizando el Amplatzer vascular plug II / Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in infants using the Amplatzer vascular plug II

El cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable (CAP) es una modalidad de tratamiento bien establecida. El Amplatzer vascular plug II (AVP II) es un dispositivo oclusor autoexpandible, indicado para oclusiones arteriales o venosas en la vasculatura periférica. Describimos nuestra experiencia clínica inicial en el cierre percutáneo del CAP, utilizando el AVP II en la edad pediátrica. El tamaño del dispositivo fue seleccionado de acuerdo al tamaño y morfología del CAP, con un diámetro mayor al 100% del diámetro mínimo del CAP. Los dispositivos fueron implantados a través de una vaina por vena o arteria femoral. En 18 pacientes, el AVP II se utilizó para oclusión del CAP. La mediana de edad fue 24 meses (intervalo: 6-51) y la media de peso, 10.5 kg (intervalo: 4.8-16.5). El diámetro más estrecho del CAP mostró una mediana de 1.1 mm (intervalo: 0.3-7.0). Se logró el implante exitoso y la oclusión angiográfica en 14 pacientes (77.8%). El tamaño del dispositivo implantado mostró una media de 3.9 ± 2.4 veces el diámetro mínimo del CAP. Dos pacientes fueron enviados a cirugía. Ocurrieron dos embolizaciones. El ecocardiograma transtorácico de 24 horas confirmó oclusión total en 13 casos (72.2%). Durante el periodo de seguimiento no se han reportado complicaciones. El cierre percutáneo de CAP < 2 mm con AVP II es una técnica segura y efectiva, particularmente para oclusión de vasos de pequeño diámetro con bajo flujo.

Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well established treatment modality. The Amplatzer vascular plug II (AVP II) is a self-expandable occluder device, indicated for arterial or venous occlusions in the peripheral vasculature. We describe our initial clinical experience in percutaneous closure of PDA using the AVP II in children. Device size was selected according to the size and morphology of the CAP, with a diameter greater than 100% of the minimum diameter of the CAP. The devices were implanted through a pod femoral vein or artery. In 18 patients, AVP II was used for occlusion of PDA. The median age was 24 months (range 6-51) and mean weight 10.5 kg (range 4.8-16.5). The narrowest diameter of the CAP showed a median of 1.1 mm (range 0.3-7.0). Successful implantation was achieved and angiographic occlusion in 14 patients (77.8%). The size of the implanted device showed a mean of 3.9 ± 2.4 times the minimum diameter of the CAP. Two patients were referred for surgery. There were two embolizations. Transthoracic echocardiography 24 hours confirmed total occlusion in 13 cases (72.2%). During the monitoring period there are no reported complications. Percutaneous closure of PDA < 2 mm AVP II is a safe and effective, particularly for occlusion of small-diameter vessels with low flow.

[Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer vascular Plug II]. / Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable utilizando el Amplatzer vascular Plug II.

UNLABELLED: The Amplatzer vascular II Plug (AVPII) is a self- expanding occluder device, indicated for arterial and venous occlusion in the peripheral circulation. OBJECTIVE: To describe our initial clinical experience with the AVP II, in the percutaneous closure of small patent ductus arteriosus. METHOD: We retrospectively analyzed seven patients who underwent percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus. The AVP II was chosen with a diameter greater than 50% of the minimum diameter of the ductus arteriosus. RESULTS: Patients showed a ductus arteriosus with a diameter of 1.5 ± 1.4 (range: 0.8 - 4.7 mm). Successful implant was achieved with adequate angiographic occlusion in 6 patients. One patient was sent to surgery. We only found a major complication. Transthoracic echocardiography at 24 hours, confirmed the complete occlusion in this patients. The follow-up was 10.6 ± 9.1 months. CONCLUSION: The AVP II in this group of patients was shown to be safe and effective for percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus.

Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable utilizando el Amplatzer vascular Plug II / Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer vascular Plug II

Amplatzer vascular Plug II (AVP II) es un dispositivo oclusor autoexpandible, indicado para oclusiones arteriales o venosas en la vasculatura periférica. Objetivo: Describir nuestra experiencia clínica inicial con el AVP II, en el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable pequeño. Métodos: Analizamos retrospectivamente, siete pacientes sometidos a oclusión percutánea del conducto arterioso. El AVP II se eligió con un diámetro mayor a 50% del diámetro mínimo del conducto arterioso. Resultados: Los pacientes evidenciaron un conducto arterioso con un diámetro mínimo de 1.5 ± 1.4 (intervalo: 0.8 a 4.7mm). Se logró un implante exitoso y con adecuada oclusión angiográfica en seis pacientes. Un paciente fue enviado a cirugía. Sólo observamos una complicación mayor. El ecocardiograma transtorácico a las 24 horas, confirmó la oclusión completa en estos pacientes. El seguimiento fue de 10.6 ± 9.1 meses. Conclusiones: El AVP II, en este grupo de pacientes mostró ser seguro y efectivo para el cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso.

The Amplatzer vascular Plug II (AVP II) is a self-expanding occluder device, indicated for arterial and venous occlusion in the peripheral circulation. Objective: To describe our initial clinical experience with the AVP II, in the percutaneous closure of small patent ductus arteriosus. Method: We retrospectively analyzed seven patients who underwent percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus. The AVP II was chosen with a diameter greater than 50% of the minimum diameter of the ductus arteriosus. Results:Patients showed a ductus arteriosus with a diameter of 1.5 ± 1.4 (range: 0.8 - 4.7mm). Successful implant was achieved with adequate angiographic occlusion in 6 patients. One patient was sent to surgery. We only found a major complication. Transthoracic echocardiography at 24 hours, confirmed the complete occlusion in this patients. The follow-up was 10.6 ± 9.1 months. Conclusion: The AVP II in this group of patients was shown to be safe and effective for percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus.

[Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer duct occluder in children: initial and one-year results]. / Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso persistente con dispositivo Amplatzer en niños: resultados inmediatos y a un año.

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well established technique. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of the Amplatzer occluder for the treatment of PDA in children. METHODS: From November 2005 to June 2007 we reviewed the clinical records of 39 patients (23 girls and 16 boys), with a mean age of 19.8 +/- 13.7 months and weight 9.2 +/- 3.2 Kg, who underwent percutaneous closure of a PDA with an Amplatzer device. The forty one percent of the patients (16/39) were < or = 1 year of age, and 71.8 % (28/39) weighed < or = 10 Kg. The age of children with body weight < or = 10 Kg was 13.1 +/- 6.1 months (range 5-33 months). The morphology of the PDA was determined by a lateral aortogram and classified according to Krichenko. All the patients were followed-up with radiologic and echocardiographic control at 24 hours, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postinsertion (median 20 months). RESULTS: The PDA diameter ranged between 2.0 mm to 12 mm (3.6 mm +/- 2.0 mm) in the 39 patients included. PDA types according to Krichenko were: type A = 25 (64.1%), type B = 1 (2.6%), type C = 5 (12.8%), type D = 2 (5.1%) and type E = 3 (7.7%). Three patients had a residual PDA post-surgical closure attempt. Qp/Qs ratio was 2.4 +/- 1.5 (range 1.0-6.7) and the relation PSP/PSS was 0.49 +/- 0.18 (range: 0.21-0.87). Pulmonary hypertension was present in 16 patients (41%). The Amplatzer occluder was implanted successfully in 36/39 patients (92.3%). The procedure failed in three cases: 1) difficulty to place the device due to wrong assessment of the ductus size; 2) difficulty to advance the device due to angulation (kinking) of the releasing system; 3) migration of the device to descending aorta. The mean time of fluoroscopy and for the entire procedure was 13.2 +/- 6.3 minutes and 65.3 +/- 21.9 minutes, respectively. There were no deaths with the procedure. Minor and mayor complications occurred in eight patients, all of them but one, in children with body weight < or = 10 Kg. In the 36 successful insertions an aortogram showed complete occlusion in 26 (66.7%), trivial leak through the occluder in 6 (15.45), mild leak in 4 (10.3%), and moderate leak in 2 (5.1%). A control echocardiogram 24 h after the insertion showed a successful rate of 82.1% (32/36). Complete occlusion of the PDA was obtained in 35/36 patients (97.2%) at 3 months follow-up study. In 4 patients the percutaneous occlusion technique did not result in PDA closure, and 3 of them underwent a surgical closure. On follow-up, 3 patients developed mild stenosis of the left pulmonary artery and two a mild pressure gradient in the descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous closure of PDA with an Amplatzer is a safe and effective technique. In children with ductus arteriosus diameter > or = 2 mm the Amplatzer device should be recommended over surgical closure. The incidence of complications after the procedure is higher in patients under 10 kg of body weight.

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the amplatzer duct occluder in infants under 1 year of age.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well-established technique. We evaluated the usefulness of the Amplatzer duct occluder for the percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 29 children under 1 year of age. METHODS: The patients' mean age was 8.9+/-2.8 months and their mean weight was 6.4+/-1.5 kg. In addition, 24.1% of patients were aged 6 months or less and 17.2% weighed 5 kg or less. All completed follow-up (0.5-36 months). RESULTS: The minimum PDA diameter was 3.16+/-1.24 mm. The device was implanted successfully in 26 patients (89.6%). Failures were due to either the device migrating to the descending aorta, persistent moderate leakage, or to difficulty in the advancement of the device. No deaths were associated with the procedure. Three major complications occurred in two patients (10.3%). Aortography showed initial total occlusion in 65.5% of patients. At 3-month follow-up, total occlusion was observed in 96.1% of patients. Ultimately, closure was achieved successfully in 25 of the 29 patients (86.2%). During follow-up, four patients exhibited mild left pulmonary artery stenosis and one exhibited mild stenosis of the descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS: In children under 1 year of age, percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using an Amplatzer occluder was a safe and effective procedure. It is possible that improvements in the design of the occluder could decrease the complication rate.

Cierre transcatéter del conducto arterioso persistente con dispositivo de Amplatzer en niños menores de un año / Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the amplatzer duct occluder in infants under one year of age

Introducción y objetivos. El cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso persistente (CAP) es una técnica bien establecida. Evaluamos la utilidad del oclusor de Amplatzer (ADO), en el cierre percutáneo del CAP en 29 niños menores de 1 año. Métodos. La edad de los pacientes fue de 8,9 ± 2,8 meses y el peso, 6,4 ± 1,5 kg. El 24,1% de los pacientes con edad ≤ 6 meses y el 17,2%, con peso ≤ 5 kg. Se realizó seguimiento en todos (0,5-36 meses). Resultados. El diámetro mínimo del conducto fue 3,16 ± 1,24 mm. El dispositivo se implantó con éxito en 26 (89,6%) pacientes. Las causas del fracaso se debieron a migración del dispositivo a la aorta descendente, persistencia de la fuga en forma moderada y dificultad en progresar el dispositivo. La mortalidad fue nula con el procedimiento. Ocurrieron 3 complicaciones mayores en 2 (10,3%) pacientes. Un aortograma mostró oclusión completa inicial en el 65,5% de los pacientes. La oclusión completa del conducto se demostró en el 96,1% de los pacientes al tercer mes de seguimiento. El éxito final del cierre del CAP se logró en 25/29 (86,2%) pacientes. En el seguimiento, 4 pacientes mostraron estenosis leve en la rama pulmonar izquierda, y 1, estenosis leve en la aorta descendente. Conclusiones. En niños menores de 1 año, el cierre percutáneo del CAP con el oclusor de Amplatzer es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro. Las mejoras en el diseño del oclusor posiblemente disminuirán la frecuencia de complicaciones (AU)

Introduction and objectives. Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well-established technique. We evaluated the usefulness of the Amplatzer duct occluder for the percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 29 children under 1 year of age. Methods. The patients’ mean age was 8.9 [2.8] months and their mean weight was 6.4 [1.5] kg. In addition, 24.1% of patients were aged 6 months or less and 17.2% weighed 5 kg or less. All completed follow-up (0.5-36 months). Results. The minimum PDA diameter was 3.16[1.24] mm. The device was implanted successfully in 26 patients (89.6%). Failures were due to either the device migrating to the descending aorta, persistent moderate leakage, or to difficulty in the advancement of the device. No deaths were associated with the procedure. Three major complications occurred in two patients (10.3%). Aortography showed initial total occlusion in 65.5% of patients. At 3-month follow-up, total occlusion was observed in 96.1% of patients. Ultimately, closure was achieved successfully in 25 of the 29 patients (86.2%). During follow-up, 4 patients exhibited mild left pulmonary artery stenosis and 1 exhibited mild stenosis of the descending aorta. Conclusions. In children under 1 year of age, percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using an Amplatzer occluder was a safe and effective procedure. It is possible that improvements in the design of the occluder could decrease the complication rate (AU)

[Kawasaki disease: clinical behaviour and cardiovascular complications in children in a tertiary-care level hospital]. / Enfermedad de Kawasaki: comportamiento clínico y complicaciones cardiovasculares en niños atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics, outcome, and treatment response in a series of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: Case-series, review of clinical records of children with KD diagnosis cared for from november 1999 to september 2006. RESULTS: 22 patients were included, male:female ratio, 1.4:1, 82% younger than 5 years, 14% with atypical presentation. Of the 22 patients, 10 (45%) received intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG) in the first 10 days of symptoms onset at the recommended dose; four of them had coronary artery damage but none developed residual aneurysmatic lesions. Eight received IVGG in a different dose or after 10 days, six of them had coronary lesions and in two the damage was permanent. Four patients did not receive IVGG, and two had residual aneurysmatic lesions. None of those who received adequate treatment developed coronary residual damage, in comparison with 33% who received inadequate or no treatment, but difference was not statistically significant (P =.06). CONCLUSIONS: KD is a rare clinical entity in our country; even though most of the cases occurred with classic clinical criteria, late referral and delay of treatment worsen the prognosis.

Cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso persistente con dispositivo Amplatzer en niños: resultados inmediatos y a un año / Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the Amplatzer duct occluder in children: initial and one-year results

OBJECTIVE: Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well established technique. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of the Amplatzer occluder for the treatment of PDA in children. METHODS: From November 2005 to June 2007 we reviewed the clinical records of 39 patients (23 girls and 16 boys), with a mean age of 19.8 +/- 13.7 months and weight 9.2 +/- 3.2 Kg, who underwent percutaneous closure of a PDA with an Amplatzer device. The forty one percent of the patients (16/39) were < or = 1 year of age, and 71.8 % (28/39) weighed < or = 10 Kg. The age of children with body weight < or = 10 Kg was 13.1 +/- 6.1 months (range 5-33 months). The morphology of the PDA was determined by a lateral aortogram and classified according to Krichenko. All the patients were followed-up with radiologic and echocardiographic control at 24 hours, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postinsertion (median 20 months). RESULTS: The PDA diameter ranged between 2.0 mm to 12 mm (3.6 mm +/- 2.0 mm) in the 39 patients included. PDA types according to Krichenko were: type A = 25 (64.1%), type B = 1 (2.6%), type C = 5 (12.8%), type D = 2 (5.1%) and type E = 3 (7.7%). Three patients had a residual PDA post-surgical closure attempt. Qp/Qs ratio was 2.4 +/- 1.5 (range 1.0-6.7) and the relation PSP/PSS was 0.49 +/- 0.18 (range: 0.21-0.87). Pulmonary hypertension was present in 16 patients (41%). The Amplatzer occluder was implanted successfully in 36/39 patients (92.3%). The procedure failed in three cases: 1) difficulty to place the device due to wrong assessment of the ductus size; 2) difficulty to advance the device due to angulation (kinking) of the releasing system; 3) migration of the device to descending aorta. The mean time of fluoroscopy and for the entire procedure was 13.2 +/- 6.3 minutes and 65.3 +/- 21.9 minutes, respectively. There were no deaths with the procedure. Minor and mayor complications occurred in eight patients, all of them but one, in children with body weight < or = 10 Kg. In the 36 successful insertions an aortogram showed complete occlusion in 26 (66.7%), trivial leak through the occluder in 6 (15.45), mild leak in 4 (10.3%), and moderate leak in 2 (5.1%). A control echocardiogram 24 h after the insertion showed a successful rate of 82.1% (32/36). Complete occlusion of the PDA was obtained in 35/36 patients (97.2%) at 3 months follow-up study. In 4 patients the percutaneous occlusion technique did not result in PDA closure, and 3 of them...

Enfermedad de Kawasaki: comportamiento clínico y complicaciones cardiovasculares en niños atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel / Kawasaki disease: clinical behaviour and cardiovascular complications in children in a tertiary-care level hospital

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical characteristics, outcome, and treatment response in a series of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: Case-series, review of clinical records of children with KD diagnosis cared for from november 1999 to september 2006. RESULTS: 22 patients were included, male:female ratio, 1.4:1, 82% younger than 5 years, 14% with atypical presentation. Of the 22 patients, 10 (45%) received intravenous gammaglobulin (IVGG) in the first 10 days of symptoms onset at the recommended dose; four of them had coronary artery damage but none developed residual aneurysmatic lesions. Eight received IVGG in a different dose or after 10 days, six of them had coronary lesions and in two the damage was permanent. Four patients did not receive IVGG, and two had residual aneurysmatic lesions. None of those who received adequate treatment developed coronary residual damage, in comparison with 33% who received inadequate or no treatment, but difference was not statistically significant (P =.06). CONCLUSIONS: KD is a rare clinical entity in our country; even though most of the cases occurred with classic clinical criteria, late referral and delay of treatment worsen the prognosis.

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using the amplatzer duct occluder in infants under one year of age.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a well-established technique. We evaluated the usefulness of the Amplatzer duct occluder for the percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 29 children under 1 year of age. METHODS: The patients' mean age was 8.9±2.8 months and their mean weight was 6.4±1.5kg. In addition, 24.1% of patients were aged 6 months or less and 17.2% weighed 5kg or less. All completed follow-up (0.5-36 months). RESULTS: The minimum PDA diameter was 3.16±1.24 mm. The device was implanted successfully in 26 patients (89.6%). Failures were due to either the device migrating to the descending aorta, persistent moderate leakage, or to difficulty in the advancement of the device. No deaths were associated with the procedure. Three major complications occurred in two patients (10.3%). Aortography showed initial total occlusion in 65.5% of patients. At 3-month follow-up, total occlusion was observed in 96.1% of patients. Ultimately, closure was achieved successfully in 25 of the 29 patients (86.2%). During follow-up, four patients exhibited mild left pulmonary artery stenosis and one exhibited mild stenosis of the descending aorta. CONCLUSIONS: In children under 1 year of age, percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus using an Amplatzer occluder was a safe and effective procedure. It is possible that improvements in the design of the occluder could decrease the complication rate.

[Balloon angioplasty for native aortic coarctation in children younger than 12 months: immediate and medium-term results]. / Angioplastía con balón de la coartación aórtica nativa en niños menores de 12 meses: resultado inicial y a mediano plazo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The use of the balloon angioplasty (BA) in the treatment of patients with native aortic coarctation during childhood, particularly during the first 12 months of age, is controversial. The aim of this study was to report our experience with the use of this therapeutic technique and review the immediate and middle-term results in patients until 12 months age with native aortic coarctation and to identify those factors related with the outcome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We review retrospectively the clinical records of 35 patients less than 12 months of age with diagnosis of native aortic coarctation who underwent balloon angioplasty as first choice treatment during an eight year span (1998-2005). Total population was divided in two groups: group A patients < or = 3 months of age (n = 19) and group B patients between 4-12 months of age (n = 16). RESULTS: Mean age at the time of balloon angioplasty was 4.3 +/- 3.3 months (range 0.7-12 months) and the mean body weight was 5.5 +/- 1.7 kg (range 2.6-10 kg). Initial result after BA was successful in 30 of 35 patients (85.8%) with a peak residual pressure gradient < or = 20 mm Hg. Successful result were obtained in 15 of 19 patients in group A (78.9%) and in 15 of 16 patients in group B (93.8%). The mean peak residual pressure gradient change from 46.9 +/- 20.3 mm Hg to 11.6 +/- 8.1 mmHg (p < 0.001) and the maximal coarctation diameter increase from 3.0 +/- 1.6 mm to 6.0 +/- 1.8 mm after BA in the group total. We did not observe deaths related to the procedure. On the follow-up recoarctation was observed in 17/35 patients (48.6%) 13 of them in group A (68.4%) and 4 in group B (25%). Ten patients with recoarctation underwent immediate surgical correction (9 in group A) while the other 7 underwent a second BA procedure (4 in group A). At the end of the study period AB was effective in 23 of 35 patients (65.7%), 9 of them in group A (47.3%) and 14 in group B (87.5%). The incidence of complications following BA was higher in group A (21%) than for group B (12.5%). Incidence of aneurysms was 15.8% for group A and 18.8% for group B (3 patients in each group). CONCLUSIONS: Balloon angioplasty is a safe and effective alternative treatment for native aortic coarctation, even during the neonatal period. Due to the high incidence of aneurysm formation in children less than 1 year of age, a better selection of patients, the use of low-profile balloons and optimal postoperative care is mandatory to improve the final outcome and decrease the incidence of complications. A second balloon angioplasty procedure might improve the final outcome.

Angioplastía con balón de la coartación aórtica nativa en niños menores de 12 meses: resultado inicial y a mediano plazo / Balloon angioplasty for native aortic coarctation in children younger than 12 months: immediate and medium-term results

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The use of the balloon angioplasty (BA) in the treatment of patients with native aortic coarctation during childhood, particularly during the first 12 months of age, is controversial. The aim of this study was to report our experience with the use of this therapeutic technique and review the immediate and middle-term results in patients until 12 months age with native aortic coarctation and to identify those factors related with the outcome. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We review retrospectively the clinical records of 35 patients less than 12 months of age with diagnosis of native aortic coarctation who underwent balloon angioplasty as first choice treatment during an eight year span (1998-2005). Total population was divided in two groups: group A patients < or = 3 months of age (n = 19) and group B patients between 4-12 months of age (n = 16). RESULTS: Mean age at the time of balloon angioplasty was 4.3 +/- 3.3 months (range 0.7-12 months) and the mean body weight was 5.5 +/- 1.7 kg (range 2.6-10 kg). Initial result after BA was successful in 30 of 35 patients (85.8%) with a peak residual pressure gradient < or = 20 mm Hg. Successful result were obtained in 15 of 19 patients in group A (78.9%) and in 15 of 16 patients in group B (93.8%). The mean peak residual pressure gradient change from 46.9 +/- 20.3 mm Hg to 11.6 +/- 8.1 mmHg (p < 0.001) and the maximal coarctation diameter increase from 3.0 +/- 1.6 mm to 6.0 +/- 1.8 mm after BA in the group total. We did not observe deaths related to the procedure. On the follow-up recoarctation was observed in 17/35 patients (48.6%) 13 of them in group A (68.4%) and 4 in group B (25%). Ten patients with recoarctation underwent immediate surgical correction (9 in group A) while the other 7 underwent a second BA procedure (4 in group A). At the end of the study period AB was effective in 23 of 35 patients (65.7%), 9 of them in group A (47.3%) and 14 in group B (87.5%). The incidence of complications following BA was higher in group A (21%) than for group B (12.5%). Incidence of aneurysms was 15.8% for group A and 18.8% for group B (3 patients in each group). Conclusions: Balloon angioplasty is a safe and effective alternative treatment for native aortic coarctation, even during the neonatal period. Due to the high incidence of aneurysm formation in children less than 1 year of age, a better selection of patients, the use of low-profile balloons and optimal postoperative care is mandatory to...

Cierre transcatéter del conducto arterioso permeable con coils de liberación controlada: Resultados inmediatos y seguimiento a mediano plazo / Transcatheter occlusion of the patent ductus arteriosus with detachable coils: immediate results and intermediate-term follow-up

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de éxito y seguridad del cierre percutáneo del conducto arterioso permeable (CAP) con coils de liberación controlada. Método: Cuarenta y un pacientes pediátricos con conducto arterioso permeable (CAP), de un tamaño pequeño a moderado (diámetro mínimo < 4 mm), fueron sometidos a cierre percutáneo con coils de liberación controlada. Los resultados se establecieron mediante estudios angiográficos y ecocardiográficos. La media de edad fue de 2.0 ±1.3 años (rango, 0.6-5.6 años); la media de peso fue de 10.0 ± 3.4 kg (rango, 4.5-18.0 kg). La media del diámetro mínimo del CAP fue de 1.69 ± 0.6 mm (rango, 0.5-4 mm). Resultados: En 39/41 pacientes se logró la implantación del dispositivo (95%). La relación media del coil/CAP fue de 3.41 ±1.1. Inmediatamente posterior a la oclusión con el coil, 18 conductos arteriosos no mostraron flujo residual por angiografía; 18 tenían un cortocircuito residual trivial, 3 leve y 2 leve. No se presentaron complicaciones significativas con el procedimiento. En las primeras 24 horas posteriores a la implantación del coil, el control ecocardiográfico mostró oclusión completa en 35 pacientes. En los 4 pacientes con flujo residual, el seguimiento ecocardiográfico demostró ausencia del cortocircuito 3 meses después en 2 pacientes y 6 meses después en un paciente. En uno, no se ha logrado la oclusión completa a un año. En dos pacientes (5%) se abandonó el procedimiento: en un paciente, por mostrar flujo residual moderado y movimiento del extremo pulmonar del coil, que debió de ser retirado con un catéter lazo y en otro, por migración del coil. Ambos pacientes fueron enviados a cirugía. En un seguimiento medio de 29.5 ± 16.5 meses (rango, 0 a 60 meses) de los 39 pacientes, no se observó flujo residual por ecocardiografía Doppler color, excepto en uno. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados, en concordancia con otros autores, sugieren que la oclusión del conducto arterioso permeable con coils de liberación controlada, es un método seguro, efectivo y de bajo costo. La oclusión con coil deberá ser el procedimiento de elección en pacientes mayores de 6 meses de edad con conductos arteriosos permeables de un tamaño pequeño a moderado (< 4 mm). En la extensión de este procedimiento a recién nacidos y a pacientes con conductos arteriosos más grandes, deberá considerarse otro tipo de dispositivo oclusor.

Objective: To determine the success rate and safety of percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with a detachable coil. Methods: Forty-one children with small-to moderate-size PDA (maximum diameter < 4 mm) underwent percutaneous coil occlusion. The results were assessed by angiography and echocardiography The mean age was 2.0 ± 1.3 years (range 0.6 to 5.6 years); mean weight was 10.0 ± 3.4 kg (range 4.5 to 18.0 kg). The mean minimum diameter of the PDA was 1.7 ± 0.6 mm (range, 0.5 to 4.0 mm). Results: The occlusion device was inserted in 39 of 41 patients (95%). The mean coil/PDA ratio was 3.41 ±1.1. We observed angiographic cessation of blood flow through the PDA after coil insertion in 18 patients; 18 patients had residual shunt, 3 mild shunt and 2 moderate shunt. No complications were observed during the procedure. Thirty-five patients showed absence of blood flow through PDA 24 hours after coil occlusion by echocar-diography The other four patients with residual shunt showed flow cessation after 2 months in two patients and after 6 months in the other two. Failure of coil insertion in two patients was due to detachment of the pulmonary edge of the coil, which was subsequently removed in one, and due to coil migration in the other, both patients underwent surgical PDA closure. Mean follow-up at 29.5 ± 16.5 months showed no residual blood flow through the occluded PDA, except for one patient. Conclusion: Our results, as many others, suggest that PDA coil occlusion is a safe, effective, and cheap procedure. PDA coil occlusion should be the elective method for PDA closure in patients older than 6 months of age with small-to moderate size PDA(< 4 mm). The procedure in newborn infants and patients with larger PDA must be made with a different type of occlusive device.

[Transcatheter occlusion of the patent ductus arteriosus with detachable coils: immediate results and intermediate-term follow-up]. / Cierre transcatéter del conducto arterioso permeable con coils de liberación controlada: resultados inmediatos y seguimiento a mediano plazo.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the success rate and safety of percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with a detachable coil. METHODS: Forty-one children with small- to moderate-size PDA (maximum diameter < or = 4 mm) underwent percutaneous coil occlusion. The results were assessed by angiography and echocardiography. The mean age was 2.0 +/- 1.3 years (range 0.6 to 5.6 years); mean weight was 10.0 +/- 3.4 kg (range 4.5 to 18.0 kg). The mean minimum diameter of the PDA was 1.7 +/- 0.6 mm (range, 0.5 to 4.0 mm). RESULTS: The occlusion device was inserted in 39 of 41 patients (95%). The mean coil/PDA ratio was 3.41 +/- 1.1. We observed angiographic cessation of blood flow through the PDA after coil insertion in 18 patients; 18 patients had residual shunt, 3 mild shunt and 2 moderate shunt. No complications were observed during the procedure. Thirty-five patients showed absence of blood flow through PDA 24 hours after coil occlusion by echocardiography. The other four patients with residual shunt showed flow cessation after 2 months in two patients and after 6 months in the other two. Failure of coil insertion in two patients was due to detachment of the pulmonary edge of the coil, which was subsequently removed in one, and due to coil migration in the other, both patients underwent surgical PDA closure. Mean follow-up at 29.5 +/- 16.5 months showed no residual blood flow through the occluded PDA, except for one patient. CONCLUSION: Our results, as many others, suggest that PDA coil occlusion is a safe, effective, and cheap procedure. PDA coil occlusion should be the elective method for PDA closure in patients older than 6 months of age with small- to moderate size PDA (< or = 4 mm). The procedure in newborn infants and patients with larger PDA must be made with a different type of occlusive device.